Which of the following is NOT considered a target of advocacy efforts according to Richan?

The most accurate answer focuses on the understanding of advocacy efforts and their targets. Advocacy typically aims to influence specific groups or individuals to enact change or support a cause. In this context, clients or constituents affected by the advocacy issue are often seen as primary targets because they stand to benefit directly from the advocacy work. They represent the interests and needs that the advocacy is trying to address.

In contrast, while active allies and committed opponents can play roles in advocacy efforts—active allies support the cause and help mobilize efforts, and committed opponents may be addressed through strategic communication—clients or constituents do not fit the description of a group to persuade against or alongside.

The ambivalent, people who may be unsure or indifferent about the issue, also represent a potential target for advocacy strategies to sway their opinions or increase engagement.

Thus, considering the overall framework of advocacy and its focus on engaging those who are directly affected or who can support the cause, it becomes clear why clients or constituencies affected by the advocacy issue are not viewed as targets for advocacy efforts meant to pursue change.